Cross contamination in the pharmaceutical industry is not just an issue for those working in it, but for the wider public as a whole. As general awareness of the potential issues has increased, more questions are being asked of manufacturers and health professionals about the safety, integrity and potential side effects of a range of products and medicines.

Power generation is still heavily dependent on the steam turbine. Even gas turbine power stations usually are provided with a waste heat boiler and steam turbine to maximize the efficiency with which fuel is converted into electricity.

The proliferation of microorganisms (bacteria, fungi and algae) presents a significant challenge in the maintenance and operation of process cooling water systems.