As the fracking fluid passes through the well during hydraulic fracturing operations, it may bring along with it an unwanted accompaniment: microbial contamination.

Fresh or raw milk transported from farms to dairy processing facilities in tanker trucks contains microbes that change from season to season.

Research has shown that exposure to the surfaces of certain metal alloys will kill cultured colonies of E.coli and L. monocytogenes within just a few hours at temperatures as low as 39°F.